Correcting Sickle Cell Disease using Stem Cells Essay

Correcting Sickle Cell Disease using Stem Cells - Essay Example The pattern of inheritance of sickle cell anemia is autosomal recessive. That means the symptoms will only possibly manifest if both parents are carrier of hemoglobin A. However, at present, the only available long term treatment for the disease is bone marrow transplant, which is prone to rejection and subsequent immune system reaction. The goals of other treatments, blood transfusion and pain medicines, are only for short-term relief of symptoms (Zieve and Chen, 2011). Recently, however, researchers from Johns Hopkins have found another plausible long term treatment for sickle cell anemia. By inserting the correct hemoglobin A gene to pluripotent bone marrow cells and removing the defective hemoglobin S, the patient can be able to produce RBCs that have the correct type of gene (Science Daily, 2011). Despite this new breakthrough in treatment, this does not prevent inheritance of the disease, because the gene to be transferred to an offspring is contained in sex cells, and not the bone marrow cells that are to be fixed using the new technology recently

Brand Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand Management - Term Paper Example ..9 Brand Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Brand Value†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Current Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Conclusion & Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Introduction A Brand is the identity of a particular product or service, which distinguishes it from other products. The concept of branding has gained a lot of importance with the passage of time and nowadays branding has become an essential part of marketing for many companies. Nowadays, everything from a product to a person is a brand (Parameswaran, 2006). In this report, I will discuss the effectiveness of Nokia as a brand and evaluate it on various criteria that form the basis of brand management. Brand Management: Brand management understands what a ‘brand’ actually is and an approach to managing it in a way that it creates value for a company (Miller & Muir, 2004). A brand is the differentiating factor between two products which makes it special and gives it a competitive edge. A brand put forwards a promise which defines what the product has to offer to its customers. Marketers cr eate a proper image of the brand through visual images, logos, etc so that a customer can identify with it. Hence, brand management is a comprehensive process starting from understanding the brand to maintaining its image. Brand management can be simplified into 3 steps: First step is to create a promise i.e. understanding the brand and what it has to offer and defining it to the customer. Next is to make that promise which is how the image of the brand is created to register in the minds of the customers. Last is to keep the promise i.e. no brand can only survive on its name. A brand survives on what it offers to its customers and more. So brand management is also about living the promise of the brand till it exists. There are various ways to evaluate the effectiveness of a brand. The most important criteria are: Brand Image: A brand has a personality and a promise and the impression or image of that personality in the mind of a consumers’ mind of a brand’s character is known as brand image. Brand image is the overall impression of a brand that a consumer acquires from various sources. For example while purchasing a car Nissan would be associated with style, while Toyota is associated with reliability. Brand image is based on the fact that customer’s buying decision is associated with the image of the product and the customer is purchasing that set of beliefs (the image) that he has about the product. So a brand image should be positive and distinctive. Various promotional tools can be used to strengthen bran image like advertising, packaging etc. Brand Positioning: Positioning refers to how a product appears in the eyes of the target market as compared to other products

Math Practice Lab Essay Example for Free

Math Practice Lab Essay Math Practice Lab Pre-Lab Questions: 1. The rules concerning handling significant figures are as follows: When dividing/multiplying The answer has no more significant digits than the number with the fewest significant digits (the least precise figure). Round off after calculations have been performed. When adding/subtracting Answer has no more places than the addend, minuend, or subtrahend with the fewest number of decimal places. Significant figures are irrelevant when adding/subtracting (least number of decimal places rule). 2. The concepts for using scientific notation is to allow the student a form to asses the order of magnitude and to visually decrease the zeros. It allows the student to compare very large or very small numbers and to better understand those numbers. Scientific notation also tells us about significant figures. An example of scientific notation would be the age of the earth. Example: The approximate age of the earth is 4,600,000,000 years old. Using scientific notation this number would look like 4.6 * 10^9. Scientific notation is shorter and easier to read than 4,600,000,000. 3. The rules for handling scientific notation are as follows: If the co-efficient is greater than one the exponent will be positive. If the co-efficient is less than one the exponent will be negative. The base must be 10. The exponent must show the number of decimal places that the decimal needs to be moved to change the number to standard notation. Trailing zeros are significant . Leading zeros are not significant. The decimal place in the beginning goes after the first non zero digit. Example: Convert 60,300,000 to scientific notation Coefficient is greater than one. Decimal place goes after the first non zero number. Note that 6.03 is greater than one. The base must be 10. Therefore, 6.03 * 10 Exponent must show the number of decimal places. 6.03 * 10^7 Purpose: Math Practice Lab is meant to give the basic chemistry student an opportunity to become familiar with necessary math skills that are commonly used in science. These abilities include the chance to demonstrate the use of scientific notation, algebra, density calculations and the use of conversion formulas. Procedure and Data Sheets: Before coming to lab read the practice lab in advance. Complete any assignments that are due before the beginning of the math lab. Familiarize your self with the most common tables used in chemistry such as, the Base SI units, Derived SI units and with the Greek Prefixes used with SI units. Knowledge of formulas such that of density, mass and volume are recommended. Being able to use conversion factors are of great importance to succeeding in chemistry. When using the unit factor method for solving problems make sure to not skip steps. When answering questions make sure your calculation is correct and express the answer using the correct scientific notation and significant figures. When using units make sure to follow with the accurate abbreviations. Make sure to follow the rules when working problems that involve algebra. Make sure that you bring your calculator, plenty of paper and pens to the math practice lab. Base SI Units Used in Chemistry ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Derived SI Units ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Greek Prefixes Used with SI Units ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Commonly Used Formulas ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Conversion Factors ( not all conversion factors are included) ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Observations: Precision and Accuracy are highly important when coming up with a measured value. Precision is the closeness of a series of measurements to one another. Accuracy is the measure of correctness. The closeness of a measured result to the true value. Uncertainty is indicated by the number of digits in a measurement. Retaining the least uncertainty is priority. Rules for determining the number of significant figures are: All non zero digits are significant. Zeros between zero digits are significant. Leading zeros are never significant. Trailing zeros after a decimal point are significant. Trailing zeros before a decimal place may or may not be significant. When dividing/multiplying The answer has no more significant digits than the number with the fewest significant digits (the least precise figure). Round off after calculations have been performed. When adding/subtracting Answer has no more places than the addend, minuend, or subtrahend with the fewest number of decimal places. Significant figures are irrelevant when adding/subtracting (least number of decimal places rule). 4. Scientific notation is used to help visualize the order of magnitude and to visually decrease the zeros. This method is used to compare very large numbers and very small numbers. Scientific notation also tells us about significant numbers. There are several rules for using scientific notation: If the co-efficient is greater than one the exponent will be positive. If the co-efficient is less than one the exponent will be negative. The base must be 10. The exponent must show the number of decimal places that the decimal needs to be moved to change the number to standard notation. Trailing zeros are significant . Leading zeros are not significant. The decimal place in the beginning goes after the first non zero digit. 5. Problems involving algebra should be solved by following certain rules: What you do to one side should also be done to the other side. This allows for easier rearrangement of terms. Rewriting problems so that variables and coefficients are not lost in the transition of doing calculations. This allows the student to be able to follow a lot easier. 6. When using the Unit Factor Method it is very important to make sure to not skip any steps. Use all the necessary units so that all the units that are needed cancel each other out. Leaving you with the only unit or units needed to convert to your answer. Not using the adequate units or formulas will result in the wrong answers and could risk the precision and accuracy of the results. Lab Questions: Refer to the Lab Paq (Math Practice Lab Pages 23-29) Conclusion: The use of Scientific Notation, and the importance of algebra, zeros and significant figures are all math skills that are important in helping a chemistry student understand many aspects of science. Grasping these skills are important because it allows the student to visualize the magnitude of what is being calculated in a much smaller or larger perspective. The use of significant figures gives us the least uncertainty possible, therefore resulting in precise or accurate values. This is important when it comes to working in different areas of science because the answers to calculations could mean the difference between life and death. Let us consider a patient at a hospital who is in a lot of pain. The patient requires an injection of 0.16 grain (not 16 grain) of a pain killer that is only available as a 15 mg/mL solution. How many cc’s should be administered to the patient? Considering you are the nurse that is caring for this person it is important that you know how to convert grains into mg/mL. The first thing to do would be to gather the conversion factors needed. 1 grain = 64.8 mg and 1cc = 1 cm^3 = 1 mL. The problem would look like: 0.16 grain * 64.8 mg/ grain * 1 mL/15 mg *1 cm^3/1mL * 1cc/1cm^3 = 0.6912 cc The units will cancel out until the desired unit in this case cc’s is reached. In this case it is important to apply the rules for significant figures. There are two significant  figures in 0.16 grain. In science it is important to apply the rules for significant figures even though we do not apply these rules when working in a math class. Abiding by these rules will give the least uncertainty possible resulting in a precise measurement. The patient will be administered 0.69 cc’s of the pain killer. Physical quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Temperature Kelvin K Amount of substance Mole mol Physical quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Volume Cubic meter m^3 Pressure Pascal Pa Energy Joule J Electrical charge Coulomb C Greek prefix Meaning Pico-(p) One-trillionth (10^-12) Nano-(n) One-billionth (10^-9) Micro-(mc) One -millionth (10^-6) Milli-(m) One-thousandth (.001) Centi-( c ) One-hundredth (.01) Deci- (d) One-tenth (.1) Kilo-(k) One-thousandth (1000) Mega-(M) One million (10^6) Giga- (G) One billion (10^9) Density = Mass/Volume Mass = Density * Volume Degree Fahrenheit = 32+9/5 ( Degree Celsius) Degree Celsius = 5/9(Degree Fahrenheit 32) Kelvin = Degree Celsius + 273.15 Length 1 km = 0.62137 mi 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.6093 km 1 m = 3.28 ft = 39.37 in. =1.0936 yd 1 in = 2.54 cm (exactly) 1 cm = 0.39370 in Mass/Weight 1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2046 lb 1 lb = 16 oz = 453.6 g 1 ton = 2000 lb Volume 1 L = 0.264 gal 1 gal = 4 qt = 3.7854 L 1 cm^3 = 1 mL 33.81 oz = 1 L Energy 1 J = 0.23901 cal 1 cal = 4.184 Joule (J)

The Lamb vs. The Tyger By William Blake Essay -- essays research paper

In this essay I am going to be looking at two poems from the Songs of innocence and experience works. These poems are The Lamb and The Tyger written by William Blake. Both these poems have many underlying meanings and are cryptic in ways and both poems are very different to each other. In this essay I will be analysing the two poems, showing my opinions of the underlying themes and backing them up with quotes from the poems. I will compare the poems looking at the similarities and differences between them and also look at each one individually focusing on the imagery, structure and the poetic devices William Blake has used. Firstly I will look at the Tyger a poem about experience. The first thing that strikes me about this poem is the structure. The poem is very ordered written with 4 lines a stanza and a total of 6 stanza’s. This looks like a professional poem created by an adult, showing experience right away. The syllables are normally 7 per line but there are exceptions to this rule as all of stanza 5 has 8 syllables a line. The first stanza and the last stanza are nearly the same apart from the last line of each differing by a word. This poem uses many poetic devices well to create a vivid picture in the readers mind. There are rhyming couplets, alliteration, repetition, rhetorical questions as well as many biblical and egotistical references to the artist and poet himself. Now we will look at the poems meanings. The poem at first glance looks to be about a Tyger but after reading through thoroughly a few times we learn that there are many underlying themes and tones to this poem. For example the many biblical references â€Å"immortal† meaning to not die, â€Å"fire† related to hell â€Å"heaven† related to God and â€Å"wings† also relate... ...ast each other well. Both poems use imagery, repetition, alliteration and rhyming and both have many biblical references and rhetorical questions. Although each poem is different in its structure, theme and the way it is written. In conclusion these two poems by William Blake are both deep and have hidden meanings, they both use imagery, repetition, alliteration and ryming couplets as well as biblical references to create a vivid pictures in the readers head. But these poems do differ in many ways such as the structure, theme and way it is written. The Tyger appeals to me most as it has more hidden meanings than the Lamb and the Lamb is boring and as if written by a child (for effect). In this essay I have analysed, contrasted and compared the two poems The Tyger and The Lamb to the best of my ability detailing the poetic devices used and the underlying meanings.

The Glass Menagerie: What Sort Of Atmosphere Is Created and How Is It Achieved In The Opening Three Scenes

There are many factors which can contribute to the pervading atmosphere of any play. But in this play there are peculiar, original ways in which Williams's goes about this. The Glass Menagerie would seem like a harder play to create a dense atmosphere for because of the small amount of characters and the only one setting. A major difference in this play is evident directly from the beginning. This is the narration that the audience is given by one of the main characters, Tom. It is strange because once his narration is given, Tom jumps directly into the dialogue. This resembles very much a film, because with camera and voice over techniques the narration is made a lot easier. We also know that Williams started by writing screenplays and so this use of Tom would have come from his Hollywood experiences. The mood created by Tom is ambiguous and it depends on the reader. The social history which is described by Tom, â€Å"†¦ the huge matriculating in a school for the blind†¦ is in the negative while the vivid description of the play is written in a very melancholy but interesting tone, â€Å"†¦ it is sentimental†¦ † Williams gives very strict stage directions and this can only contribute to the atmosphere, even without lines being read. â€Å"Atmospheric touches and subtleties of direction play a large part†¦ † the opening description of the set and how it should be set out is one of the largest factors of atmosphere. Williams uses words and phrases such as â€Å"dark, grim rear wall†¦ † and â€Å"murky canyons of tangled†¦ inister lattice work†¦ † With directions like this, the modern director is obviously going to create a almost gothic picture of scary darkness, and it is because of these directions that atmosphere is formulated so easily. The fact that this is â€Å"a memory play† automatically gives atmosphere to the audience. Even Williams himself tells us that â€Å"this play can be presented with unusual freedom from convention† is allowing the director to cut the strings a little and maybe take the play into areas which might have a greater effect on the audience. A good example of this is found in the directions also, â€Å"memory is seated predominately within the heart. † The immotive and exaggerated nature of the play will no doubt transfer to the atmosphere. The use of the screen is also a large part of the atmosphere. It is a very unusual device and it is obvious that because of his film experience Williams has included the screen. So he is capable in some ways of being able to manipulate the play in similar ways to a film. For example, a film can suddenly cut to a completely different place, with different characters. The screen allows extra freedom with emotions. It also compliments very well the â€Å"memory† aspect of the play in which actions or scenery can be unnatural. It can be said that the screen has a symbiotic relationship with the memory, we know as humans that memory is not straightforward and direct, and that the mind can paint wonderful pictures. It is this sense of mind, which the screen adds to the atmosphere.

Battle of Lutzen in the Thirty Years War

Small Island Andrea Levy - 1126 Words

How does Levy tell the story in the Prologue? Levy uses a number of different techniques and aspects of narrative in order to tell the story in the prologue of Small Island. She opens the story in the perspective of Queenie, but when she was a child (‘Before’) – (use of time as an aspect). This is also the use of characterisation to tell the story, because the perspective lends a naivety to the telling of the story, the most prominent example being when Queenie meets the African man – she is intimidated by him and is too young to hide it. She is fascinated by him, and also attracted to him - but as a child doesn’t she realise that - however Emily and Graham do, and proceed to tease her. There are underlining themes of ignorance, power†¦show more content†¦This idea of Queenies family being above their workers is extended when her father exerts his power once more by dismissing Graham’s dream of going to live in Australia with ‘Australia – you? You daft beggar.’ He can call Graham what he wants – whether it be Jim or beggar – because he is his boss and of a higher class. And yet another example is Queenie using Emily as a bin (in a way). She offers Emily her apple core – so Emily gets Queenies ‘sloppy seconds’ so to speak, and is disposing of the apple for Queenie. Levy uses Queenies father as a voice for the issues of class and race in the prologue, but the irony in this is that later on, her father calls her a ‘daft ‘aporth’. This isn’t educated English, and contrasts with the African man’s polite etiquette and proper English – ‘It’s nice to meet you.’ So in actuality, Queenies father acts like he is of a lower class than the foreign people, but thinks of himself as better than them. Although the reader doesn’t know it, Levy has already started to create and background and add development to the story that will occur later – she is using the aspect of the starts and endings of stories in her narrative. 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